Every tonne issued on BiCO2 carries its MRV data hash, VVB signature and retirement record on-chain. One token equals 1 tCO₂e, fractional to 0.001.
IoT devices and field surveys feed MRV data; every reading batch is hash-anchored on MaalChain via the MRV oracle.
Independent surveyors and VVBs review evidence on-chain. Approved batches are minted as ERC-1155 carbon tokens.
Credits trade on AMM pools or fixed-price listings. Retirements burn tokens and issue a non-transferable certificate NFT.